Published on November 28th, 2008 In
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More DANGERS, More Shock Ahead as India is Made to Pay for Pro Americanism! HINDUTVA PSYCHE of ZIONISM Creates the Most Viable, Most Systematic, Most Coordinated Supply Line for the WAR and TERRORISM against Indian NATION! RULING HEGEMONY Makes Ethnic and Nationality Problems More Complex and Opens DOORS AZAR for Suicidal Civil War. MEDIA Makes BRAINWASHED Mindset to Stall Public Opinion and National CONSCIENCE!
More DANGERS, More Shock Ahead as India is Made to Pay for Pro Americanism! HINDUTVA PSYCHE of ZIONISM Creates the Most Viable, Most Systematic, Most Coordinated Supply Line for the WAR and TERRORISM against Indian NATION! RULING HEGEMONY Makes Ethnic and Nationality Problems More Complex and Opens DOORS AZAR for Suicidal Civil War. MEDIA Makes BRAINWASHED Mindset to Stall Public Opinion and National CONSCIENCE!
This Evening, a friend, an Eye specialist Dr AK Roychowdhari asked me, `What is the Situation?’
Sabita answered, ` Live TV Coverage continues!’
The Electronic Media has ensured the most wanted TRP as the Round the Clock Live Coverage of WAR ZONE continues without any Laughter, Reality BREAK!
The Doctor addressed me directly, `I am asking you!’
`What may I explain! It is a Ready made MINDSET. Ready made Public Opinion. We have no Reach. No Audience. No Penetration! What the Ruling Hegemony explains,what the Media covers, that being the Ultimate TRUTH, what remains to explain!’
The basic question remains unanswered why the Indian Society well known for its age old Resilience, Restrain, Discipline and Peaceful coexistence, has been made to so VOLATILE as the Unipolar White Zionist State of AMERICA offers Help to resolve Crisis situation in India and government of India has to reject the generous support thankfully! Why?
Why did the Indian Polity allowed so much SPACE for TERRORISM and EXTREMISM? Why do we contribute to War and CIVIL War? Why?
Why the Indian democracy allows AFPSA to be continued in Entire North East and jammu and Kashmir?
Why the Indian State is habitual to deploy all the three wings of Indian Army to tackle day to day Law and Order problems? Why?
Why Indian Political Parties and its Leaders have SWISS BANK Accounts ?
Why Kickbacks is the basis of Blind Nationalism?
Why do we allow Ethnic Cleansing anywhere anytime?
Why the Monopolistic aggression continues against the Indigenous Aboriginal People and Natural resources?
Why the Black Untouchables are Predestined to suffer infinite Injustice and Inequality?
Why Indiscriminate SEZ Drive Continues?
Why the partition Victims are persecuted countrywide?
Why do we entertain the Concepts of ethnic Terrorism and Ethnic Extremism branding communities terrorists and extremists?
Why there happens so much HUE and Cry for STRONG STATE and all Political Parties dis respective of Ideology and color, do favour Military solution for every ETHNIC NATIONALITY Question?
Why the grievances of Aboriginal People, Indigenous communities and Black untouchables are generally dismissed and any Resistance whatsoever is Branded as terrorism or Extremism without addressing the REAL ISSUES at all?
Why the Tribal in different part have to bear Displacement from land, livelihood and life for development, industrialisation and urbanisation?
Why did we allow to disintegrate the traditional social fabrics based on Indigenous Livelihood, Market and Production system?
Why all the Tribal belts are branded as Maoism Inflicted?
Why India made itself a strategical Partner of United states of America in the War Against Terrorism?
Why Indian Ocean is no more a Peace zone?
Why Corporates and MNCs, Foreign Banks, Retail Chain and Chemical Companies,Builders and Promoters have the infinite LICENCE TO KILL?
Why Social activism is often Branded as Maoism?
Why the personalities like Medha, Mahashweta,Arundhuti Roy and Taslima Nasreen become UNWANTED?
Why the Freedom to EXPRESSION is BLOCKED?
Why Parliament is DEFUNCT and subverted, BYPASSED so Often?
Why National Revenue is diverted to FEED the MONEY Machine?
Why Indian Constitution is being Killed?
Why Hindu BOMB is defended?
Why the Sanctity of Indian Army is broken with the involvement of Army Top Guns in service involved?
Why MUMBAI ATS Team investigating Malegaon is wiped out? How?
Why there happens a Vertical Divide between North and South, East and West and in between Kashmir and the Rest of the Nation? North East and Mainstream population?
Why do we reject Tamil nationality?
Why do we see intense Hatred campaign against Communities and amongst communities in the best interest of Vote bank Politics?
Why the demography is Manipulated?
Why the Minorities gain nothing from the system?
Why Job Opportunities remain Infinite Void for the Common Masses?
Why the Generation Next is Americanised?
Why the languages are being killed to promote Americanism and Rural retail Market?
Why XXXXX Blue film Culture is promoted with Technology Transfer?
Why POTA is advocated to deal with law and Order?
Why the Rule of the Law is quite absent?
Why the Peasants commit suicide?
Why our Women and Children are not safe?
Why Indian Agriculture is destroyed for globalisation, Privatisation and Liberalisation? I had been in Murshidabad and Maldah, the centres of Muslim rule in Bengal. I was amazed to see the common Social fabrics and legacy of Communal harmony scattered all over the districts. I am sure, it remained everywhere! The social Fabrics roots in our Negroid Genes! It roots into our Indigenous Production system and livelihood. It roots into our mother tongue! Into our Folk! Into our Culture! Into the History of the Nation!
Who injects the poison?
Gaur, or Gour, as it is spelt mostly in modern times, or Lakhnauti is a ruined city, in the Malda district of West Bengal, India, on the west bank of the Ganges river, 40 kilometers downstream from Rajmahal.
Me and Sabita tried to tarce the social fabrics and the Historical legacy as described the Dark age of bengali history and Nationality there. I had been Indigenous since Shashanke who Ruled India from Gandhar to Gaur. It remained Indigenous. That is why the oldest Peasant revolts are associated with the Gaur Districts of Maldah, Murshidabad and Birbhoom. I have come to know a Namoshudra King ruled in Bhowal in Dhaka District as late as in 17th Century. Paundra Kshatriyas lived there in the place which is chosen as PADACHINHA Villa described as graveyard in Anand Math wherefrom the protagonist mahendra begins his journy into Sanyasi Recolt. Natore is no more in India. It remains on the other bank of PADMA just opposite Lalgola where Bankim scripted VANDE MATARAM on the feet of sickled Bharat Mata. Warren Hestings arrested Rani BHABANI of Natore which flared up Sanaysi revolt in North Bengal and Bankim wrote another Classic DEBI CHOWDHARANI! The peasnt revolt is described as Hindu sanyasi Revolt but the fact remains that Majnu Sah, a Muslim sufi had been the most significant leader who continued the revolt in bihar and nepal after facing Repression in Bengal! Sufies as well as Muslim peasants participated in the revolt.
If we analyse, it is full circle Indigenous History from Midnapur, Purulia, Ranchi, Mayurbhanj in Orissa, Chhota Nagpur and Santhal Pargana, Bankura, Birbhoom,Murshidabad, Maldah, Rajshahi, Dhaka, Jassore, Khulna, Barishal, 24 pargans, Hugli, Howrah and Burdwan. It continued since Chuar Vidroh. It Continued in TITUMIR`s revolt. In KOL and Bheel revolt. In Munda and santhal Insurrections! In Indigo revolt. And even in TEBHAGA accross partition amidst famine and Holocaust! Even during Naxal Movement, the Indigenious Social Fabrics remained Intact. Of whaich the Governments of India and INTACH, History departments of Indian Universities and the progressive and secular Historians are quite unaware!
No wonder that Historians like Jadu Nath Sarkar and RC Majumdar dismissed Anandmath as a ROMANCE without any Historical base. The historians like Romila Thapar, Irphan habib and Ram Chandra Guha are so detached, I wonder!
I visited Aadinath also. Where a dragah, The Pandua Dargah dates back in 11th century and King Laxman Sen Patronised it. There stands the EKLAKHI Mosque made by a Hindu King GOPAl in Memorium of his Slained Son JADU, daughter in Law and the Grand son. Jadu was converted and ruled Bengal as sultan Jalauddin. The Mosque has in its Panel of the Tomb, all the Portarits of Hindu Gods and goddesses. What a symbol of Communal harmony! What a legacy of social fabrics. But Indian tourism, Intach and Indian governments fail to Highlight the Positive aspects of the Society or delibrately neglects it!
In Adinath, there remains the Jungle wher JITHU SANTHAL fought bravely against the English army. It is a DEER PARK now without mentioning anywhere the name of JITHU SANTHAL. We visited the Santhal villages in and around and had been very glad to find demographic continuity across river Padma.
It is no wonder that Mother Language Bengali symbolised Bengali Nationality rejecting Religious Identity in the Liberation war of Bangladesh. It is just because of the Aboriginal Indiginous Black untouchable Common Social Fabrics, mind you. Which remains intact even today in Bangladesh, in its Literature, Media and Culture, if not in Politics despite continuous Ethnic cleansing and Minority persecution promoted by religious Politics!
In India, it would be a Historical Blunder if we allow the Zionist Hindutva Forces of religious Politics of Manusmriti to take over the reign of the Indian Nation. The National Media Hype and the Ready Made Brain Washed Mindset making it the Destiny of Indian People to be struck by Colonial Imperialism and Religious Fascism, International Zionism at the same time!
Gaur is said to have been founded by the mythic figure Lakshmana, and its most ancient name was Lakshmanavati, corrupted into “Lakhnauti". The area was known as Gauda under the rule of famous Bengali kings such as Sasanka, in the 7th century CE, and particularly the Pala dynasty, between the mid to late 8th century to 12th century CE, who were often described by opponents as the Lords of Gauda. It was also a prosperous city during the Sena dynasty"s rule in Bengal. However, its most well documented history begins with its conquest in 1198 by the Muslims, who retained it as the chief seat of their power in Bengal for more than three centuries. Around the year 1350, the Afghan kings of Bengal established their independence, and transferred their seat of government to Pandua (qv.), also in Malda district. To build their new capital, they plundered Gaur of every monument that could be removed. When Pandua was in its turn deserted (1453), Gaur once more became the capital under the name of Jannatabad; it remained so as long as the Muslim kings retained their independence. In 1564 Sulaiman Kirani, a Pashtun adventurer, abandoned it for Tanda, a place somewhat nearer the Ganges. Gaur was sacked by Sher Shah in 1539, and was occupied by Akbar"s general in 1575, when Daud Shah, the last of the Afghan dynasty, refused to pay homage to the Mughal emperor. This occupation was followed by an outbreak of the plague, which completed the downfall of the city. Since then it has been little better than a heap of ruins, almost overgrown with jungle.
The Chittagong Fossils of our Negroid ancestors, BARO BHUINA and Mahasthangarh History along with Gaur, Natore and aboriginal tribal heads and kings in and around Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Bengal and Bihar, Jharkhand and bangladesh makes complete the Social Historical Legacy of Brother Hood and communal harmony. In Maldah, Even today, gani Khan Chowdhuri remains the undisputed ICON of North Bengal despite the rise of Priya Ranjan Dasmunshi, Pranab Mukharjee and Adheer Chowdhury!
Everywhere in Bengal, ancient religious places of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity speaks of our Common Culture, Language, Folk, History, Production System and society. Regimented Party Gestapos and the Vote Bank Politics try to destroy it every time but fail miserably! But it is not the same case in rest of the Country, as we find ourselves in a Mine Field of CIVIL WAR thanks to the Ruling Brahaminical hegemony, led by ironically , the Bengali elite Brahmins!
The city in its prime measured 7 1/8 m. from north to south, with a breadth of 1 to 2 m. With suburbs it covered an area of 20 to 30 m²., and in the 16th century the Portuguese historian Faria y Sousa described it as containing 1,200,000 inhabitants. The ramparts of this walled city (which was surrounded by extensive suburbs) still exist; they were works of vast labor, and were on the average about 40 ft (12 m) high, and 180 to 200 ft (61 m) thick at the base. The facing of masonry and the buildings with which they were covered have now disappeared, and the embankments themselves are overgrown with dense jungle. The western side of the city was washed by the Ganges, and within the space enclosed by these embankments and the river stood the city of Gaur proper, with the fort containing the palace in its south-west corner. Radiating north, south and east from the city, other embankments are to be traced running through the suburbs and extending in certain directions for 30 or 40 m. Surrounding the palace is an inner embankment of similar construction to that which surrounds the city, and even more overgrown with jungle. A deep moat protects it on the outside. To the north of the outer embankment lies the Sagar Dighi, a great reservoir, 1600 yd. by 800 yd., dating from 1126.
Fergusson in his History of Eastern Architecture thus describes the general architectural style of Gaur: “It is neither like that of Delhi nor Jaunpur, nor any other style, but one purely local and not without considerable merit in itself; its principal characteristic being heavy short pillars of stone supporting pointed arches and vaults in brick whereas at Jaunpore, for instance, light pillars carried horizontal architraves and flat ceilings. Owing to the lightness of the small, thin bricks, which were chiefly used in the making of Gaur, its buildings have not well withstood the ravages of time and the weather; while much of its enamelled work has been removed for the ornamentation of the surrounding cities of more modern origin. Moreover, the ruins long served as a quarry for the builders of neighboring towns and villages, till in 1900 steps were taken for their preservation by the government. The finest ruin in Gaur is that of the Great Golden Mosque, also called Bara Darwaza, or twelve doored (1526). An arched corridor running along the whole front of the original building is the principal portion now standing. There are eleven arches on either side of the corridor and one at each end of it, from which the mosque probably obtained its name. These arches are surmounted by eleven domes in fair preservation; the mosque had originally thirty-three."
Early 19th century lithograph of the Muslim ruins of Dakhil Darwaza at Gaur
The Small Golden or Eunuchs" mosque, in the ancient suburb of Firozpur, has fine carving, and is faced with stone fairly well preserved. The Tantipar mosque (1475 - 1480) has beautiful moulding in brick, and the Lotan mosque of the same period is unique in retaining its glazed tiles. The citadel, of the Muslim period, was strongly fortified with a rampart and entered through a magnificent gateway called the Dakhil Darwaza (1459-1474). At the south-east corner was a palace, surrounded by a wall of brick 66 ft (20 m) high, of which a part is standing. Near by were the royal tombs. Within the citadel is the Kadam Rasut mosque (1530), which is still used, and close out side is a tall tower called the Firoz Minar (perhaps signifying tower of victory). There are a number of Muslim buildings on the banks of the Sagar Dighi, including, notably, the tomb of the saint Makhdum Shaikh Akhi Siraj (d. 1357), and in the neighborhood is a burning ghat, traditionally the only one allowed to the use of the Hindus by their Muslim conquerors, and still greatly venerated and frequented by them.
Many inscriptions of historical importance have been found in the ruins. -
See M. Martin (Buchanan Hamilton), Eastern India, vol. iii. (1831); G. H. Ravenshaw, Gaur (1878); James Fergusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture (1876); Reports of the Archaeological Surveyor, Bengal Circle (1900-1904).
[edit] Archaeological Preservation, Restoration and Excavation
The monuments of Gour are now looked after by the Archaeological Survey of India. The brick work of several monuments have been restored, though none to its early perfection or completeness. The ASI is also carrying out excavations of a mound about a kilometer from the Chikha building within the Baisgaji wall where remains of a palace are turning up.
A permanent artefact and photographic exhibition highlighting the major monuments of Gour and the restoration work undertaken by the ASI is being held at the Metcalfe Hall, Kolkata. Among the exhibits are also some fine specimens of brick moulding and glazed tiles from Gour.
The district got its present name in the early eighteenth century and its present shape in the latter half of the eighteenth century, the earliest evidences of history in the district date back to the pre-historic days perhaps as early as circa 1500 B.C.
The capital city of Sasanka, the great king of Gouda (comprising the most of Bengal) in the seventh century AD and perhaps that of Mahipala, one of the later Pala kings of Bengal, were in this district too. The Nawab Murshid Quli Khan made Murshidabad the capital city of Sube Bangla, comprising of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The East India Company reigned from here for many years after the Battle of Plassey; Travellers extolled its glory through ages.
Here thrived the cultures of many races and of religions like Buddhism, Brahmanism, Vaishnavism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity. Here settled the European traders like the Dutch, the British, the French and the Armenians.
The Land
The great river Bhagirathi has bifurcated the triangle shaped district and has divided it into two broad historical and geographical regions.
I) The Radha Area – This is the area on the right side of the Bhagirathi having the pre-dominant geographical character of a plateau. It was also known as Gouda.
II) The Bagdi Area – This is the area on the left side of the river formed by the Gangetic alluvial deposits. It was also known as Bangal. This area was formed later than the Radha.
The Age of Pre-History and Proto-History
During the excavation of the irrigation-cum-navigational channel from the Ganga in 1974, just to the North-East of Farakka Barrage, evidence of ancient civilization was found.
The excavations revealed remnants of habitation at four different strata:
Stratum
Relics
Type
Culture
Lowest
Evidence of ring wells with pottery-rings, primitive looking terracotta female human figurines
Neolithic Age
Second lowermost
Brown coloured pottery utensils
Similar to those found in Pandurajar Dhibi, Burdwan
Bronze-age culture complex
Third lowermost
Pottery, sixteen gold coins
Northern Black-polished pottery
Maurya-Shunga Age
Uppermost
Terracotta vessels
With Roman like spouts and lotus shaped designs
Kushana and early Gupta Age
I) The Pre-Maurya Era
The first mention of the Radha region is found in the Jaina scripture Acharanga Sutra. The scripture mentions a visit to the Radha by Mahavira in the 6th century BC. Probably he did not visit Murshidabad but possibly visited Radha areas under Birbhum and Bankura districts. However Bimbisara (6th century BC) or later the Nandas might have brought Radha and Bagdi areas of Murshidabad within their empire.
II) The Maurya Era
Chandragupta Maurya (324-300 BC) established the Maurya Empire by ousting the Nandas. Though the Chinese traveler Hiuen-Tsang made references of Ashoka stupas at Karnasuvarna it cannot be said with certainty whether this district area formed part of the Maurya Empire at any time.
III) The Post-Maurya Era
Whether this area was under the rule of the post-Maurya empires like the Shungas, Kanvas or Kushanas cannot be ascertained. However, some Kushana coins have been found at Rajbari Danga; but findings of these coins do not necessarily imply occupation.
Excavations at Rajbari Danga: Excavations at Rajbari Danga near Karnasubarna Railway Station were done by the Archaeology Department of the Kolkata University in 1962, 1964 " 1979. They revealed evidence of civilizations in four layers dating back to the 2nd- 3rd Century AD and up to the 2nd- 3rd Century AD.
IV) The Gupta Era (AD 4th Century to 6th Century)
It can be said with some certainly that areas of this district were under the rule of the Gupta, which might have continued up to the early 6th Century AD.
There is evidence of this in the chronicles of the Chinese traveler I-Tsing (AD 673 – 675), the Allahabad Pillar Edict of Samudragupta (AD 335 – 338), Damodarpur copper plate of Chadragupta-II, Brihatsamhita (5th century AD) of Barahamihira. Besides, there are archeological evidence within the district, like Gupta coins found at Rajbari Danga, Gitagram (near Salar) and Gouripur (near Mahipala).
V) The Gouda Kingdom and Sasanka
The Gupta suzerainty over Gauda or Gaudaka (as mentioned in Brihatsamhita) became merely nominal by the 6th century AD. From the Haraha inscription of Maukhari King Ishanavarma dated AD 554, it is learnt that in course of his victorious campaigns he ravaged the Gauda people and forced them to retreat towards the sea (meaning southern Bengal). The later Guptas tried to occupy Gauda and perhaps Mahasenagupta briefly occupied it. In the latter part of the 6th century AD, Sasanka was perhaps a vassal chief under him.
The long drawn war with the Maukharis, the Kalachuris and the rulers of the Kamarupa shattered the power of the later Guptas. Sasanka took this opportunity to build his own kingdom, perhaps also in the 6th Century AD.
Sasanka is the first known king of Bengal who extended his territories beyond the present boundaries of the state into the west. He integrated the Gauda Empire and established his capital at Karnasuvarna.
After becoming king he attacked Kamarupa, he defeated the princes Supratishthita Varman and Bhashkara Varman;and later he freed them by making the king his vassal. He then occupied the eastern parts of Bengal and by AD 619 extended his territories up to the Chilka lake of Orrisa in the South and up to Varanasi in the West. In the last part of his reign he had to face joint attacks by the great king of Northern India, Harshavardhana and the king of Kamarupa, Bhashkara Varman. But they could occupy Gouda only after the death of Sasanka (sometime between AD 630 – 637).
Karnasuvarna:
Excavations as Rajbari Danga have helped to identify Karnasuvarna and the Buddhist Raktamrittika Mahavihara. After the death of Sasanka the famous Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang came to Karnasuvarna in AD 637 – 638. At that time it was a thriving city. The Mahavihara was in its full glory. Though Sasanka was himself a follower of Brahmanism both Hindu and Buddhist religions thrived during his time.
VI) The Pala Era
After about a hundred years of anarchy in Bengal, Gopala (760 AD), the founder of the Pala kingdom, was elected the king. The dynasty continued for more than four hundred years. This district was under their rule for almost the entire period. Mahipala, one of the later Pala kings, perhaps had the capital at Mahipala Nagar (now village Mahipal) in Jangipur Sub-division.
VII) The Sena Era
During the reign of the Senas, the most powerful dynasty after the Pala, this district was probably within their empire for some time.
Murshidabad (Bengali: মুর্শিদাবাদ) is a city in Murshidabad district of West Bengalstate in India. The city of Murshidabad is located on the southern bank of the Bhagirathi, a tributary of the Ganges River. It was the capital of undivided Bengal during the Mughal rule. Nawabs of Bengal used to rule Bengal from this city. It is still inhabited, but has none of the glory it used to have- except for the royal buildings.
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